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In the United States, owned-and-operated television stations (frequently abbreviated as ''O&Os'') constitute only a portion of their parent television networks' station bodies, due to ownership limits imposed by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). Currently, the total number of television stations owned by any company (including a television network) can only reach a maximum of 39% of the country;〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.fcc.gov/cgb/consumerfacts/reviewrules.html )〕 in the past, the ownership limit was much lower, and was determined by a specific number of television stations rather than basing the limits on total market coverage. ==Distribution== At the dawn of the American television industry, each company was only allowed to own a total of five television stations around the country. As such, when the networks launched their television operations, they found it more advantageous to put their five owned-and-operated stations in large media markets that had more households (and therefore, denser populations) on the belief that it would result in higher revenue. In other markets, they opted to run their programming on stations through contractual arrangements, making them affiliates instead. The five-station limit posed a problem for the DuMont Television Network, the first attempt at a "fourth" television network. Paramount Pictures, which had owned KTLA (channel 5) in Los Angeles and WBKB (channel 4, now WBBM-TV on channel 2) in Chicago, owned a share of the network. However, the FCC declared that Paramount controlled DuMont and thus forbade the network and the studio from acquiring any more stations. This was one of the factors that led to DuMont shutting down in August 1956. For much of the era from 1958 to 1986, the major network-owned stations were distributed as follows: ABC, CBS and NBC each owned stations in the top three markets (New York City, Los Angeles and Chicago). Between 1958 and 1965, fourth-ranked Philadelphia housed CBS-owned WCAU-TV (channel 10) and NBC-owned WRCV-TV (channel 3, now KYW-TV), a station which NBC had acquired two years earlier through a trade with Westinghouse Broadcasting in return for NBC's television and radio stations in Cleveland. The FCC reversed the trade in 1965 and NBC regained control of the Cleveland television station, which is today known as WKYC. Each network owned stations in other markets where the other networks did not: in addition to Cleveland, these were ABC's KGO-TV (channel 7) in San Francisco and WXYZ-TV (channel 7) in Detroit, NBC's WRC-TV (channel 4) in Washington, D.C., and CBS' KMOX-TV (channel 4, now KMOV) in St. Louis. As a result of a revision to the FCC's media ownership rules in 1999, a company can now own any number of television stations with a combined market reach of less than 39% of the country, but cannot own two of the four highest-rated stations in any market.〔 Still, O&Os in the United States are primarily found in large markets such as New York City, Los Angeles and Chicago, among others. Despite that, network-owned stations can still be found in smaller markets (for example, KFSN-TV (channel 30) in Fresno, California is an ABC O&O, and KTBC (channel 7) in Austin, Texas is a Fox O&O; WOGX (channel 51) in Ocala, Florida, is technically a Fox O&O, but is operated out of the studios of and serves as a semi-satellite of the network's Orlando O&O WOFL). The FCC currently applies a discount to UHF stations, only counting half of the station's market reach when applied to ownership caps; this provision was adopted in 1985 when analog television was the sole transmission mode for broadcast television. This discount has allowed Fox, CBS, and especially Ion Television to own stations that cover more of the country then they would without this provision. After the 2009 transition from analog to digital television, the Big Four networks lost this UHF discount, although the ownership of their existing stations was grandfathered in. Still, some privately owned companies whose stations do not serve as O&Os of a network, such as the Sinclair Broadcast Group and Tribune Broadcasting, continue to use the UHF discount to own a large number of stations that would normally put them over the 39% market reach cap, despite the fact that most stations now physically operate on the UHF band following the digital transition. In September 2013, stating that its "technical justification() no longer appears valid," the FCC submitted a proposal to eliminate the UHF discount, which would grandfather portfolios of any broadcast station owner with existing or pending ownership of UHF stations that would put them over the 39% national market reach cap without the discount at the time of the proposal's submission. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Owned-and-operated television stations in the United States」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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